D1. Social, Economic, and Political Context
Specific Expectations
D1.1
analyse aspects of the daily lives of people in Indigenous communities in Canada during this period, and compare them to the lives of settlers (e.g., with reference to urban and rural life, housing, clothing, transportation, size of families, gender roles, kinship ties, beliefs and values, celebrations, ceremonies, rituals and spiritual life)
- How were children cared for and raised in First Nations, Métis, Inuit, and settler societies? Who played a significant role at each stage of a child’s development?
D1.2
describe some key economic trends and developments that affected Indigenous peoples in Canada during this period (e.g., expansion of and competition between the HBC and the Northwest Company; the arrival of trading ships on the Northwest Coast; changes in British policy on annuity payments and gift giving to some First Nations peoples; the pemmican and buffalo hide trade; the decline of the fur trade as colonial settlement expanded in the West; colonial/Canadian government encouragement of agricultural economies on reserves), and analyse their impact on relations among Indigenous peoples and between Indigenous peoples and colonial/Canadian governments
- What impact did provisions for ‘reserve’ lands identified in land cession agreements have on the economic independence of First Nations?
- Why did colonial/Canadian governments disapprove of the Indigenous practice of gift giving? What impact did this attitude have?
- How did the use of land and natural resources by non-Indigenous settlers affect the living standards and traditional ways of some First Nations and Inuit communities?
D1.3
explain how various factors contributed to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and analyse its significance for Aboriginal title and treaty rights (e.g., with reference to land occupation and ownership, sovereignty, Crown roles and responsibilities, ceded and unceded territories, First Nations–Crown relations)
- In what ways did Pontiac’s War contribute to the enactment of the Royal Proclamation?
- What was the climate between First Nations and British colonial authorities at the time the proclamation was signed? Did the proclamation improve relations between these groups?
- What was the short- and long-term impact of the proclamation with respect to Indigenous lands in Canada?
D1.4
explain the significance of the Treaty of Niagara of 1764, with particular reference to how it confirmed and extended a nation-to-nation relationship between the Crown and First Nations peoples (e.g., how the treaty built on the Royal Proclamation of 1763; how it confirmed First Nations’ rights and sovereignty)
- Why is the Treaty of Niagara of 1764 considered to be one of the most fundamental agreements between First Nations and the Crown?