F2. Communities, Conflict and Cooperation
Specific Expectations
F2.1
identify some major trends and developments that have affected Indigenous individuals living off reserve in both rural and urban communities during this period, and assess their impact (e.g., with reference to the creation of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples to represent the interests of Indigenous individuals living off reserve; the development of a variety of Indigenous family and child centres and other social services; employment issues on reserves and the availability of high-paying jobs off reserve for skilled workers; racism and discrimination; the challenges of and successes associated with maintaining Indigenous languages, cultural practices, and beliefs outside home communities; changes in relationships between Indigenous individuals living in urban settings and those in home communities)
- Why has the number of Indigenous individuals moving to urban settings increased during this period? What are some challenges these people have faced? What are some ways in which Indigenous leaders and advocacy groups have addressed the need of urban dwellers to be connected to the land and/or to preserve their languages?
- What are some programs that have addressed issues relating to increasing Indigenous populations in urban centres? How successful have these programs been?
F2.2
analyse some key court cases related to Aboriginal title and/or treaty rights during this period, and assess their impact on Indigenous communities (e.g., with reference to Calder v. British Columbia, 1973; the Baker Lake case, 1980; Guerin v. The Queen, 1984; Sparrow v. R., 1987; R. v. Adams, 1996; Delgamuukw v. British Columbia, 1997; Corbiere v. Canada, 1999; Manitoba Métis Federation Inc. v. Canada, 2013)
- What do you think has been the most important legal challenge for Indigenous peoples in this period? Why?
F2.3
describe some key treaties and land agreements between Canadian governments and First Nations and Inuit during this period (e.g., the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, 1975; the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, 1984; the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, 1993; the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement, 2005, which led to the creation of Nunatsiavut; the Nisga’a Final Agreement Act, 2000), and explain how they are similar to and/or different from earlier treaties
- How does the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement differ from previous land claim agreements? In your opinion, does this agreement give Inuit more autonomy over their lives than previous agreements did for other First Nations and Inuit communities?
F2.4
analyse historical and contemporary statistics and other sources to identify key demographic trends among First Nations, Métis, and Inuit populations during this period (e.g., with reference to education, employment, Indigenous language use, population increase, growing urban Indigenous populations, incarceration rates, living conditions on reserves, substance abuse and suicide among youth in remote communities, violence against Indigenous women), and explain the significance of these trends and their implications for future action
- What do data on First Nations, Métis, and Inuit learners in Ontario tell us about student achievement and graduation rates for Indigenous peoples in the province? How have federal and provincial governments responded to these trends?
- What trends are evident during this period with respect to crimes against Indigenous women? How have advocacy groups responded to these trends? How has the federal government responded? What further action, if any, do you think should be taken?
F2.5
describe some major instances of conflict involving Indigenous peoples in Canada during this period, and analyse some of their causes and consequences (e.g., Dene and Inuit protests over the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Project; Innu protests over low-level flights in Labrador; protests and legal challenges against seismic testing by the community of Clyde River, Nunavut; the efforts of the Lubicon Cree to secure the recognition of their land rights; protests and blockades at Oka, Ipperwash, Burnt Church, and/or Caledonia)
- What were the underlying causes of the confrontation at Ipperwash in 1995? What were the findings of the public inquiry into the events at Ipperwash?
